Q. In Jain logic and epistemology, what is the "knowledge of sadhya with the help of hetu" is called?
(A) Upanaya
(B) Anumana
(C) Pratyabhijna
(D) Shruta
(B) Anumana
According to Jainism, there are two types of knowledge :- Pramana and Naya.
:- According to Jaina epistemology, indirect knowledge is of five kinds-Smrti, Pratyabhijna, Tarka, Anumana, and Agama.
:- Smrti is genuine knowledge for Jains since it is the correct form of past perceptions.
:- Recognition (pratyabhijna) - This is the synthetic knowledge derived from direct perception and remembrance.
:- It contains information such as likeness (samanata), identity (tadatmya), differences (bheda), comparison (Tulana), and so on.
:- Logic (Tarka) is the understanding of Vyapti between paksa and sadhya.
:- Anumana is the knowledge of sadhya with the help of hetu.
:- This inference is either svarthanumana or pararthanumana. The former is the grasp for one’s own self. Hence it needs no amplification. For example, the frequent visibility of fire under smoke together suffices to convince us of their concomitance.
:- Afterwards, when we see smoke, we infer the existence of fire also with the help of Vyapti, which is already known to us. It is, svarthanumana. In it the place of smoke is paksa, smoke is paksa dharma.
:- In svarthanumana both Vyapti and paksa dharma are essential.
:- Pararthanumana is used for convincing others. So it must be more systematized and vivid.
:- It is fivefold. In the fivefold Pararthanumana an inference is drawn in five sentences.
:- These sentences are called the propositions (avayava) of inference; e.g., (a) Pratijna-The hill is fiery; (b) Hetu-because of smoke; (c) Drstanta- Wherever there is smoke there is fire, such as in the kitchen; (e) Upanaya- The smoke, which does not exist without fire (Vyaptivisistdhum) is in the hill; (f) Nigamana-Therefore the hill is fiery;
According to Jaina epistemology, Inference (anumana) is the understanding of sadhya through the use of hetu.
Thus in Jain's logic and epistemology, the "knowledge of sadhya with the help of hetu" is called Anumana.
:- Jainism offers a unique perspective on knowledge as a state of the soul, not something that can be comprehended and retained by the soul.
:- The doctrine of "The Doctrine of Relativity of Knowledge and Judgments" is promoted by Jainism.
:- All knowledge in Jainism is divided into two categories :- mediate (paroksa) and immediate (aparoksa).
